Authority Control in the 21st Century: An Invitational Conference
Authority Control in the 21st Century: An Invitational Conference
Clearly that is not the case with series. While publishers certainly do publish books in a series where that series never reappears, series by their very nature are intended to be ongoing to some degree or other. I cannot tell you how many scores of hours I have spent in the last year fixing the trace/do-not-trace, form of tracing, and form of numbering for that bete-noire of all series, the Europaische Hochschulschriften and all its 50 or 60 numbered and named subseries, and, in the case of Harvard University, something like 8,000 bibliographic records (memory fails me). And that one is relatively easy to deal with in that all of its varied subseries are represented by series authority records. Such is not the case with most other series where I--especially when I am one of that class of database administrators who deals with data only and not with books--where I have largely to infer correct headings from a mass of bibliographic citations.
While most series occur more than once, there has not been much effort to control them until recently. And even that effort in control was fueled largely by a heated controversy between the Library of Congress, which proposed largely eliminating the creation of series authority records, and NACO libraries. Yet the result of this controversy was positive in that it has resulted in large percentage increase in SARs.
The overall situation is still not good, however. One series can appear on hundreds or thousands of pieces, often appearing and transcribed in wildly different forms. Furthermore, the transcription practice has varied tremendously over time from ALA to AACR[1] to AACR2. And it is further compounded by the fact that that SARs are intended also to help control series tracing decisions and classification decisions. We have definitely chosen to rely on SARs to accomplish a great deal, some of which--established form, for example--is of national importance, and some of which--treatment and classification decisions, for instance--are actually local decisions, though most of us have chosen to follow the lead of the Library of Congress in this matter, at least where decisions of tracing or non-tracing are concerned.
I want to say explicitly something that has come full-circle to bedevil us. That is, for too long, many cataloging practitioners tended to think of untraced series as series that required no control other than for the local decisions of treatment, that is, tracing and classification. Left untraced and and tacitly uncontrolled uncontrolled, we tended to consider that it was unimportant and insignificant to record an authoritative form for series is in the form of an SAR, let alone all the variations in their transcriptions which should have properly been recorded in cross-references.
In fact, for most of my years as a practicing cataloger we treated untraced series as invisible bits of bibliographic information. During the years before we keyworded and string-indexed them, they were completely hidden, so who cared if they were controlled or not. All we cataloging types needed to know was that they were untraced and therefore, at that time, unindexed and hidden. This was really a case of 'out of sight, out of mind'. At Harvard that was certainly true since we had no access to untraced series in the online catalog until about 2 years ago. More on that later.
Those which were untraced--and I assume that all of us are sufficiently conversant with tags to understand what I mean when I say they were left in 490 0s--those which were untraced pose the largest problem as a class, as I have said, because they were frequently transcribed in a vast multiplicity of ways depending on the publishers' whims and cataloging practice at the time. Think back to all the various descriptive practices that would affect the transcription and therefore any attempt to provide machine-based algorithmic control over these untraced series because the transcription of the core information regarding the series may well have been muddled by additional information regarding editors, publishers, corporate bodies, all of which was included in a single field, undifferentiated by internal content designation. How do you possibly get a handle on such a field when machine matching needs more precision than that?
Those series that involved corporate bodies are even more problematic since the corporate body itself as represented in the transcription field may or may not itself represent any standard form for the body, current or otherwise.
To reiterate: Add to that the fact that 490s were Johnny-come-latelies to the sphere of content designation--use of even the $v to designate the volume enumeration was a later addition--and there is no other useful content designation possible, and you have a real witches' brew to try to analyze.
Of all the various pieces of the Harvard Recon Project and its associated Authority Project, the single piece that in my view was least successful was cleanup of series entries. This phase of the overall project involved use of both LC series authority records as well as Harvard series authority records. There were some 12,300 unique Harvard-created SARs--they did not match LC SARs--that were also used in attempt to control series tracings and treatment. (Harvard and OCLC tried to convince LC to accept these and with some manual intervention and editorial work from both Harvard and OCLC to add them to the national file, but LC was unwilling. That, however, is a story for another day.) Harvard designated treatment from another 40,000 Harvard SARs that matched LC SARs was likewise used to help control treatment. Whenever any SAR--LC or Harvard--indicated a series was to be traced, that decision was considered authoritative overall.
During the course of the initial series cleanup in December, 1994, Harvard sent OCLC some 1.7 million bibliographic records containing series entries--from field 400s on up--for correction of form and treatment. This resulted in 485,194 corrected fields, a correction rate of almost 29%. We also received back from OCLC some 92,000 LC series authority records.
That meant that some 71%, or 1.2 million series headings were untouched, either because they were already correct or more likely because they did not match precisely on a heading or a cross-reference on an existing LC or Harvard SAR. What percentage of those are actually right and what percentage are really wrong? I don't know, but I can tell you for certain, from personal experience as Head of the Database Management Team in Harvard College Library's Cataloging Services Department, that those that are not actually right fall into 2 broad categories:
1. those for which no SAR exists at all
2. those for which an SAR exists but which were not corrected because of the problems I previously alluded to: internal content designation, problems with corporate entries embedded in the field, etc. The most disturbing in all these were those that we feel should have been corrected but were not because the series did not match on a cross-reference in an existing LC or Harvard series authority record.
In fairness to those who constructed the process, this was a later addition to the ongoing research and development of OCLC's own authority correction routines. And how it was to be accomplished was determined late even at Harvard, and not without some disagreement. As I understand it, employing techniques that were not completely dependent on established headings or references led to an unacceptable number of false corrections. And it may have been just too difficult for the time available for development of the algorithms. In my view, however, far too many headings that were or should have been correctable based on the existence of SARs were left in unauthorized forms. This is still a major issue both in HOLLIS and the OCLC online union catalog.
I have given you handouts with several examples of these problems. Some are from OCLC and some from HOLLIS, the Harvard online catalog. Since April, 1994, we have had an interesting complication to the issue of series, series tracings, and series control, and I just want to mention it to emphasize the importance that I place on thorough control of series, both traced and untraced and ferreting out as much information from otherwise untraced series as possible.
The complication comes from our Public Services Department's long-standing desire to provide access to untraced series in HOLLIS. There are good historical reasons for this. Prior to the mid-1980s, the cataloging divisions of Harvard College Library, the largest unit of the Harvard University Library system, provided individual access to the series tracing for few titles in monograph series. In Widener Library, we did not do so for classed-together monograph series--'analytics' in simple Widener parlance--because patrons could go to the stacks and see what volumes were in a series by a visual check (assuming the volumes were on the shelf). We did not provide access to series information for volumes for which we placed individual, firm orders. We did not provide access to series information for most other monographs-in-series, in fact. We did so for only a small portion of all the monographs-in-series. And we never did so for unnumbered series, which we made no attempt to control in any way whatsoever, not even with SARs created merely to record series decisions. The decision here was a macro one: unnumbered series are not worth your bother. Don't trace them; don't control them; don't worry about them.
To what extent this was related to a desire to avoid typing extra cards and was simply carried over to an electronic environment or to what extent that was a conscious decision somehow rooted in fundamental decisions about collection development and technical services, I cannot tell you. I expect that there was some level of true decision-making regarding the importance of individual series titles and series access, although that usually manifested itself in a decision whether we should collect the series on a standing-order basis--this was in the days when we could afford such luxuries--or provide piece-level access to the individual titles or not. Given the fact that for the vast majority of series there was no series access, I suspect that issues of card preparation were a significant issue.
In a Union Catalog environment--in the good old Nicholson Baker days--each library maintained its own card catalog on site and could do what it wanted locally. Harvard's Union Catalog, located on the first floor of Widener Library, was main entry only, so Widener maintained a separate catalog--the Public Catalog on the second floor of Widener--where such information as additional authors, subjects and series tracings was available. Interestingly, we are maintaining the integrity of this Public Catalog for the moment, albeit the catalog itself will soon be relocated to a subterranean passageway accessible only to determined patrons, largely because of the controversy Baker aroused among our faculty.
Beginning in the mid-1980s Widener Library became an active participant in NACO and in the later 1980s of NCCP (now known as BIBCO). Widener revised its policy on series treatment, and the new policy dictated that we trace most series, scattered or classed together, numbered or unnumbered. Then, too, we wanted to be able to use LC copy with even fewer changes than we had been accustomed to make in the past, and that meant to accede to LC's dictates and accept LC's decision to trace or not to trace. We tended to still make our own decisions about classification, to scatter or class together, and they were primarily driven by concerns about costs of binding large numbers of thin pieces.
Finally, compound this with a totally electronic online union catalog and a Recon Project of close to 5 million titles, with all of their attendant idiosyncrasies and with approximately 1/3 of those records keyed from the cards on an as-is basis, and you have a recipe for a true bibliographic porridge.
Just a word about the keyed records, and this is equally true of series as well as other headings. If your solution, as ours, to massive numbers of Recon records that require keying is to key the card and hope for authority control to make it all better, you need to be able to add in all your local idiosyncrasies to the authority control algorithms. If you have a habit of setting up main entries or subject headings as 'Shakespeare' or 'Byron' or 'Keats', all with no first names and no dates, or if you have large numbers of headings such as 'Ovidius' (not Ovid and dates) which match on no established references, either get those local headings added to your contractual desires for database cleanup or resign yourself to fixing them in-house either globally or manually. In the case of Ovidius, I just finished fixing some 300+ instances of that heading that were left untouched by our automated processes.
To return to series, what was it that we did to accommodate our cousins in Public Services and how did we go about providing them access to untraced series? As it happens, most of us in Technical Services thought this was to be accomplished by including 490 0s in the keyword indexes. That did in fact happen. But the implementation went far beyond that. The recommendation and the implementation of it actually included providing string indexing of untraced series! And how did we discover this? The day after it happened HOLLIS was suddenly cluttered with in excess of 30,000 titles filing on 'the', 'a', 'an' and untold other thousands filing on all the other linguistic equivalents, and tens of thousands filing on 'his', 'hers', and 'its.'
I do have to mention the upside to this from Database Management's perspective. I alluded to it before. We have now found literally tens of thousands of headings which were previously hidden from us and which we determined at other times to trace, but which Recon and the Authority Project have not given us in a standardly indexed field. Indexing 490 0s has allowed us to find them, at the cost of having to do something about them.
So there are really 2 different, complementary types of authority problems facing me: correcting series tracings which are incorrect, and now capturing previously hidden data and correcting it as well. And these are not just series ignored as tracings by old practices, but even more so all those contributed by claiming Recon records off OCLC on an as-is basis where we are depending on authority control to bring order out of the chaos of tracing/non-tracing decisions and discrepant forms of entry.
After this reindexing took place, I instructed Database Management to avoid dealing with the issues these so-called untraced, but certainly uncontrolled, series were causing in the HOLLIS indexes to wait and see what OCLC was able to accomplish with them since at that time the series correction process had not yet started. The results, as I have already said, were not overwhelming. We have since done what we could with the worst of these messes, but I remain unsatisfied with the solution, which mostly consisted of removing the offending articles from the beginning of 490 fields so that they at least file better than before, though probably still not correctly.
Let me now define what "I" have reluctantly come to understand by series authority control. It is colored by my experiences within our catalog the last 2 years. That is that, like it or not, we no longer actually have a category of series headings that can be considered effectively untraced. And I suspect that we are not alone in that situation. I know that Stanford has a similar situation--though in truth I don't know if the access to untraced series they provide is string or keyword, Willy--and no doubt many others as well. At Harvard, 490 0s as a class of headings is effectively obsolete. A 490 0 is the functional equivalent of a 440, but without the ability to properly subfield it or even--my worst nightmare!--even to instruct the online system explicitly what the field's status is regarding the number of non-filing characters. That is leading to contradictions in our treatment of headings in a local context and in the national arena. A perfectly valid 490 0 on a record, where the heading is nationally established as untraced and which we want to contribute to OCLC or to the BIBCO program, may in fact appear in our series indexes and file incorrectly according to standard filing conventions. From Harvard's perspective, or at least mine, 490 0s are excruciatingly problematic. If we are forced to trace everything by local dictates, I need a better way to do so and have to accept the fact that I need to invest more time and effort into these headings.
Were this a rational world by cataloging standards, however, and were all series under control, this would not have been necessary. HOLLIS is a case example, a living laboratory, of the need for considering that no series should be uncontrolled, whether traced or untraced. Ideally, we should have these headings under authority control first, and decide whether to index them or not, to trace them or not, as part of that process. Personally, I believe that some headings are not worth the access. I must mention that most of the cleanup of these headings has had to be semi-manual. Notis global change won't work on most of them. We can do much with macros, but only with manual supervision and intervention.
With all that as prelude, I have given you handouts with three specific monograph series and their representation. I present these to you as a representative of a group of people who are charged with database management in an institution with over 5,500 new bibliographic records flowing into the catalog each day, the majority of it through Recon. This is not a purist's or a theorist's perspective, but rather the perspective of a practitioner, someone in the trenches, who has his hands full and would like to improve a situation that functions but poorly. With this amount of data, no solution can be pure or simple, but must rather be subtle, complex, and computer-assisted.
The examples come partly from OCLC and partly from HOLLIS. The HOLLIS examples are all of series that have already been through our retrospective and ongoing authority project with OCLC, so we can learn a lot from them. I also include them because frequently it is easier to search them in HOLLIS and the resulting index displays are more instructive than the corresponding index displays from OCLC. All three examples are of series for which authority records do exist. Two examples are for straight title series, although one does exist in three flavors, each with its own geographic qualifier, and one example involves a series associated with a corporate body.
These are excellent examples, but by no means the worst--or is it best?--examples of problems to be found among series tracings in a catalog supposedly under authority control. I'm not going to go over the printouts with you one by one--that is your homework--but I want to list the types of problems you'll find:
I've given you some real messes. They happen to be ones that I came across in the course of some normal cleanup work. They are not atypical of the conflicts that exist now in our catalogs: conflicts between series authorities and bibliographic records in terms of established form of the series itself, the series numbering, the series treatment, etc. The authority record exists, but the variation between the established heading and the existing cross references is so vast that it has not been possible so far to flatten out the distinctions and arrive at a pure, correct, and controlled state of bibliographic harmony. Does the need to do so exist? Without any doubt. Can we arrive at this state of librarian nirvana? It won't be easy. Would it be worth the effort? Again, there is no doubt. What will it take to reach this level of ecstasy? Hard work, commitment, excruciating attention to computer algorithms--because there is no doubt that human intelligence can only provide the front end and the direction, computers must provide the horsepower--but it is an important goal if we are to cleanup our databases. I would be naive if I thought this the final frontier--that would be some level of authority control involving the entire 2/3 of all headings that exist without suitable control and it would further involve minimal human manual and intellectual effort. I have no doubt that we will eventually reach that goal, but I am aiming right now for something that is closer to our immediate grasp and that we can grab if we put our resources to it. And that is an enhanced level of control over all series, both the so-called traced and the so-called untraced series in our databases. All of them should have appropriate SARs, and, if we mean to not trace them, let's really consider the consequences for our catalogs. If this is immensely confusing to those of us who are professionals in the field, how can it possibly be anything but impossibly confusing to our users? All they want, after all, are sensible, consistent, comprehensible indexes--not indexes with dozens of subsidiary files and in each file several different variations on a numbering sequence.
We owe ourselves and them something better.
Thank you.
010 n 42015580 $z n 42745322
040 DLC $c DLC $d DLC
130 0 Loeb classical library.
642 132 $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
643 Cambridge, Mass. $b Harvard University Press $a London
$b W. Heinemann
643 New York $b AMS Press $d photo-offset reprint
644 f $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
645 t $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
646 s $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
667 Do not regard associated phrases found with series listing
of publications as subseries, e.g. Greek authors, Latin authors;
those are merely phrases denoting the subject.
670 Menander, of Athens. Menander, 1979-
670 Photo-offset reprint/LC data base, 5/15/84 Augustine,
Saint. Select letters, 1983: (Loeb classical library)
DATABASE: WorldCat LIMITED TO:
SEARCH: se:loeb classical library latin FOUND 463 Records
OLUC se loeb and se classical and se library and se lati Records: 463
Format / Dates / Records:
Books / 1912-1927 / 99
Books / 1928-1940 / 99
Books / 1941-1958 / 99
Books / 1959-1969 / 97
Books / 1970-1989 / 64
Books / NO DATE / 4
DATABASE: WorldCat LIMITED TO:
SEARCH: se:loeb classical library greek FOUND 559 Records
OLUC se loeb and se classical and se library and se gree Records: 559
Format / Dates / Records:
Books / 1912-1925 / 94
Books / 1926-1936 / 99
Books / 1937-1952 / 94
Books / 1953-1962 / 98
Books / 1963-1974 / 97
Books / 1975-1993 / 67
Books / NO DATE / 10
490 0 The Loeb classical library. [Latin authors]
490 0 The Loeb classical library. Latin authors
490 0 The Loeb classical library. [Latin authors] $v no. 72
440 0 The Loeb classical library $p [Latin authors]
{ 830 4 The Loeb classical library ; $v 403, etc.
{ 830 4 The Loeb classical library. $p Latin authors.
040 DLC $c KSU $d SER
100 0 Aristophanes.
245 00 Aristophanes $c with the English translation of Benjamin
Bickley Rogers ...
260 London, $b W. Heinemann; $a New York, $b G.P. Putnam's
Sons, $c 1924.
490 0 The Loeb classical library [Greek authors]
010 76-370781//r91
040 DLC $c DLC
100 0 Theophrastus.
240 10 De causis plantarum. $l English & Greek
245 10 De causis plantarum : $b in three volumes / $c Theophrastus
; with an English translation by Benedict Einarson and George
K. K. Link.
260 London : $b Heinemann ; $a Cambridge, Mass. : $b Harvard
University Press, $c 1976-1990.
490 0 The Loeb classical library : Greek authors ; $v 471, 474-475
010 n 84716006
040 DLC $c DLC $d DLC $d ICU $d DLC
130 0 International scientific series (London, England)
642 vol. 17 $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
643 London $b H.S. King & co.
643 New York $b Garland $d photo-offset reprint
644 f $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
645 t $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
646 s $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
670 London $b K. Paul, Trench, Trèubner & Co.
670 LCCN 05-5305: Lommel, E. The nature of light, 1875
010 n 42723462
040 DLC $c DLC $d ICU
005 19870902175526.4
130 0 International scientific series (New York, N.Y.)
642 v. 10 $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
643 Littleton, Colo. $b F.B. Rothman $d photo-offset reprint
643 New York $b D. Appleton and company
644 f $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
645 t $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
646 s $5 DLC $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
670 Photo-offset reprint/Amos, S. The science of law, 1982:
$b CIP
DATABASE: WorldCat LIMITED TO:
SEARCH: se:international w scientific w series and not (cleveland
w ohio or new w york w ny or london w england) FOUND 1108 Records
[FROM HOLLIS]
LTHU fi ti international scientific ser
TI GUIDE -- 327 ENTRIES FOUND
1 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SER
2 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SER VOL LXXI
3 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES
191 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES AMER ED
193 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES AMERICAN
231 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES CLEVELAN
234 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES ENG ED
235 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES ENGLISH
244 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES LONDON E
270 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES NEW YORK
315 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES NO 62
316 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES V 3
317 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES V 42
318 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES V 7
319 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL LXV
320 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL LXXV
322 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL XLI
324 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL XLVI
325 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL XXVI
327 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL XXXV
TI INDEX -- 327 ENTRIES FOUND, 35 - 53 DISPLAYED
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES
35 v 10 / science of law/ 1874 bks
36 v 10 / science of law/ 1909 bks
37 v 14 / chemistry of light and photography/ 1875 bks
38 v 14 / chemistry of light and photography in their application t/ 1882 bks
39 v 15 / fungi their nature influence and uses/ 1888 bks
40 v 16 / life and growth of language/ 1970 bks
41 v 16 / life and growth of language an outline of linguistic scie/ 1892 bks
42 v 17 / money and the mechanism of exchange/ 1876 bks
43 v 19 / animal parasites and messmates/ 1889 bks
44 v 21 / five senses of man/ 1876 bks
45 v 25 / education as a science/ 1879 bks
46 v 25 / education as a science/ 1879 bks
47 v 25 / education as a science/ 1884 bks
48 v 28 / introduction to the study of zoology illustrated by the c/ 1888 bks
49 v 3 / foods/ 1875 bks
50 v 3 / foods/ 1881 bks
51 v 33 / illusions a psychological study/ 1888 bks
52 v 35 / volcanoes what they are and what they teach/ 1881 bks
53 v 35 / volcanoes what they are and what they teach/ 1903 bks
TI INDEX -- 327 ENTRIES FOUND, 193 - 211 DISPLAYED
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES AMERICAN ED
193 v xx / on fermentation/ 1889 bks
194 v 15 / fungi their nature and uses/ 1875 bks
195 v 17 / money and the mechanism of exchange/ 1909 bks
196 v 33 / illusions a psychological study/ 1882 bks
197 v 34 / sun/ 1881 bks
198 v 36 / suicide an essay on comparative moral statistics/ 1882 bks
199 v 4 / mind and body the theories of their relation/ 1875 bks
200 v 50 / common sense of the exact sciences/ 1885 bks
201 v 9 / responsibility in mental disease/ 1890 bks
202 vol liii / mammalia in their relation to primeval times/ 1886 bks
203 vol lix / animal magnetism/ 1888 bks
204 vol lxix / man and the glacial period/ 1892 bks
205 vol lxix / man and the glacial period/ 1896 bks
206 vol xlii / ant bees and wasps a record of observations on the ha/ 1911 bks
207 vol xlv / man before metals/ 1889 bks
208 vol xxxiv / sun/ 1896 bks
209 vol xxxix / brain and its functions/ 1882 bks
210 vol xxxviii / concepts and theories of modern physics/ 1885 bks
211 vol 12 / history of the conflict between religion and science/ 1875 bks
TI INDEX -- 327 ENTRIES FOUND, 266 - 280 DISPLAYED
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES LONDON ENGLAND
266 vol 8 / responsibility in mental disease/ 1885 bks
267 vol 81 / aurora borealis/ 1896 bks
268 vol 85 / seismology/ 1908 bks
269 54 / comparative literature/ 1886 bks
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES NEW YORK
270 v 14 / chemistry of light and photography/ 1973 bks
271 v 36 / suicide an essay on comparative moral statistics/ 1975 bks
272 v 40 / myth and science an essay/ 1898 bks
273 v 43 / science of politics/ 1897 bks
274 v 55 / earthquakes and other earth movements/ 1895 bks
275 32 / general physiology of muscles and nerves/ 1896 bks
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES NEW YORK N Y
276 [authorized heading]
277 evolution of the art of music/ 1920 bks
TI INDEX -- 327 ENTRIES FOUND, 315 - 321 DISPLAYED
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES NO 62
315 anthropology an introduction to the study of man and civilizatio/ 1889 bks
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES V 3
316 foods/ 1874 bks
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES V 42
317 ants bees and wasps a record of observations on the habits
of th/ 1913 bks
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES V 7
318 animal locomotion or walking swimming and flying with a disserta/
1893 bks
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL LXV
319 on the senses instincts and intelligence of animals with
special/ 1889 bks
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL LXXV
320 dispersal of shells an inquiry into the means of dispersal
posse/ 1893 bks
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES VOL LXXXIX
321 mind and the brain/ 1907 bks
260: : New York, $b D.Appleton and company, $c 1903.
490:0 : International scientific series. vol. xxxvi
260: : New York : $b D. Appleton, $c 1874.
490:0 : International scientific series ; v. 3.
260: : Cleveland, $b CRC Press $c [1971]
490:0 : International scientific series
260: : New York, b D. Appleton company, c 1893.
440: 4: The international scientific series [Amer. ed.] v v. 71
260: : London : $b Henry S. King, $c 1873.
490:0 : International scientific series. English ed ; $v IV
260: : London, $b K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., $c 1903.
440: 0: International scientific series. $p [English ed.] $v vol. LVI
010 n 42708008
040 DGPO $c DLC
130 0 Bulletin (United States National Museum)
410 20 United States National Museum. $t Bulletin
430 0 United States National Museum bulletin
410 10 United States. $b National Museum. $t Bulletin $w nnaa
642 185, pt. 1-6 $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
643 Washington, D.C. $b Smithsonian Institution Press $d photo-offset reprint
644 f $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
645 t $5 DLC photo-offset reprint
010 n 80036744
040 DLC $c DLC
005 19840322000000.0
110 20 United States National Museum.
410 20 Smithsonian Institution. $b National Museum
410 10 United States. $b Dept. of the Interior. $b National Museum
410 10 United States. $b National Museum $w nna
510 20 National Air Museum (U.S.)
DATABASE: WorldCat LIMITED TO:
SEARCH: se:smithsonian w institution w united w states w bulletin FOUND 316 Records
DATABASE: WorldCat LIMITED TO:
SEARCH: se:united w states w national w museum w bulletin FOUND 579 Records
DATABASE: WorldCat LIMITED TO:
SEARCH: se:smithsonian w institution w national w museum w bulletin FOUND 9 Records
DATABASE: WorldCat LIMITED TO:
SEARCH: se:national museum w us w bulletin FOUND 2 Records
[FROM HOLLIS]
LTHU f ti smithsonian institution united states national museum
TI GUIDE -- 65 ENTRIES FOUND
4 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 1
5 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN
18 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 10
27 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 45
28 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 63
33 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 70
35 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 87
37 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 95
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN
5 no 104 / foraminifera of the atlantic ocean pt 8/ 1931 bks
6 no 132 / revision of the north american moths of the subfamilies/
1926 bks
7 no 41 / published writings of dr charles girard/ 1891 bks
8 no 53 pt 1 2 / catalogue of the type and figured specimens
of fo/ 1905 bks
9 102 pt 3 / sulphur an example of industrial independence/
1917 bks
10 121 / life histories of north american petrels and pelicans
and/ 1922 bks
11 13 / flora of st croix and the virgin islands/ 1879 bks
12 135 / life histories of north american marsh birds orders
odonto/ 1926 bks
13 142 / life histories of north american shore birds order
limicol/ 1927 bks
14 51 suppl 1 / list of the publications of the united states
natio/ 1906 bks
15 80 / descriptive account of the building recently erected
for th/ 1913 bks
LTHU f ti united states national museum
TI INDEX -- 6 ENTRIES FOUND, 1 - 6 DISPLAYED
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN
1 [retrieves: BULLETIN UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM]
2 no 240 / development of gravity pendulums in the 19th century/
1965 bks
3 no 39 pt f / directions for collecting and preserving insects/
1892 bks
4 202 / fishes of the marshall and marianas islands/ 1953
bks
5 48 / contributions toward a monograph of the insects of the
lepi/ 1895 bks
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 225
6 italian harpsichord building in the 16th and 17th centuries/
1960 bks
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN
1 101 / columbian institute for the promotion of arts and sciences/
1917 bks
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 102 PT 1
2 coal products an object lesson in resource administration/
1917 bks
490:0 : United States. National Museum. Bulletin, $v no. 240.
[also in OCLC, but without the $v]
490:0 : United States National Museum bulletin $v 202 [also
in OCLC]
490:0 : United States National Museum. Bulletin, $v 48
490:0 : United States. National Museum. Bulletin 225 [also
in OCLC]
[FROM OCLC]
{ 490 1 Smithsonian institution. United States National museum.
Bulletin 183
{ 810 2 United States National Museum $t Bulletin $v 183.
{ 490 1 Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum.
Bulletin 194
{ 810 2 United States National Museum $t Bulletin $v 194.
010 43-51647
040 DLC $c KSU
100 1 Schultz, Leonard P. $q (Leonard Peter), $d 1901-
245 10 Fishes of the Phoenix and Samoan islands collected in
1939 during the expedition of the U. S. S. "Bushnell,"
$c by Leonard P. Schultz.
260 Washington, $b U.S. Govt. Print. Off., $c 1943.
490 1 Smithsonian institution. United States National museum.
Bulletin 180
810 2 United States National Museum $t Bulletin $v 180.
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