Manet, Édouard 1832-1883
Overview
| Works: | 2,788 works in 5,714 publications in 11 languages and 90,994 library holdings |
|---|---|
| Genres: | Criticism, interpretation, etc Biography Biographies Exhibition catalogs Art History Juvenile works Literature Illustrated works Educational films |
| Subject Headings: | Painters Artists |
| Roles: | Author, Illustrator, Artist, Honoree, Other, Dedicatee, Creator, Bibliographic antecedent, Engraver, Lithographer, Performer, Author of introduction, Draftsman, Former owner |
| Classifications: | ND553.M3, 759.4 |
Publication Timeline
.
Most widely held works about
Édouard Manet
- The world of Manet, 1832-1883 by Pierre Schneider( Book )
- The judgment of Paris : the revolutionary decade that gave the world Impressionism by Ross King( Book )
- The painting of modern life : Paris in the art of Manet and his followers by T. J Clark( Book )
- Alias Olympia : a woman's search for Manet's notorious model & her own desire by Eunice Lipton( )
- Manet by Patricia Wright( Book )
- Edouard Manet : rebel in a frock coat by Beth Archer Brombert( Book )
- Manet and the modern tradition by Anne Coffin Hanson( Book )
- The art of rivalry : four friendships, betrayals, and breakthroughs in modern art by Sebastian Smee( Book )
- Art and act : on causes in history--Manet, Gropius, Mondrian by Peter Gay( Book )
- Sheer presence : the veil in Manet's Paris by Marni Reva Kessler( )
- Olympia : Paris in the age of Manet by Otto Friedrich( Book )
- Manet and his critics by George Heard Hamilton( Book )
- Manet : the still-life paintings by George L Mauner( Book )
- Édouard Manet by Édouard Manet( Book )
- Manet; [biographical and critical study by Georges Bataille( Book )
- Manet's modernism, or, The face of painting in the 1860s by Michael Fried( Book )
- Manet and modern Paris : one hundred paintings, drawings, prints, and photographs by Manet and his contemporaries by Theodore Reff( Book )
- Manet, 1832-1883 : Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, April 22-August 8, 1983, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, September 10-November 27, 1983 by Édouard Manet( Book )
- Four steps toward modern art: Giorgione, Caravaggio, Manet, Cézanne by Lionello Venturi( Book )
- The last flowers of Manet by Robert Gordon( Book )
more
fewer
Most widely held works by
Édouard Manet
Manet and the sea by
Juliet Wilson-Bareau(
Book
)
9 editions published in 2003 in English and Undetermined and held by 652 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
"Manet and the Sea is the first book to highlight the French master's beautiful and varied seascapes. Essays by leading scholars discuss how Manet completely overturned established academic conventions of marine painting in France. His provocative approach was equal to that of his contemporary Gustave Courbet, and his bold and innovative techniques inspired many younger artists, including Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, James McNeill Whistler, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Essays on these and other artists place their seascapes in relation to Manet's pictures." "This illustrated and designed book presents more than one hundred paintings and drawings in full color. Anyone interested in the sea, maritime painting, nineteenth-century French painting, and particularly the role Manet played in the Impressionist revolution, will find this a book to own."--Jacket
9 editions published in 2003 in English and Undetermined and held by 652 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
"Manet and the Sea is the first book to highlight the French master's beautiful and varied seascapes. Essays by leading scholars discuss how Manet completely overturned established academic conventions of marine painting in France. His provocative approach was equal to that of his contemporary Gustave Courbet, and his bold and innovative techniques inspired many younger artists, including Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, James McNeill Whistler, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Essays on these and other artists place their seascapes in relation to Manet's pictures." "This illustrated and designed book presents more than one hundred paintings and drawings in full color. Anyone interested in the sea, maritime painting, nineteenth-century French painting, and particularly the role Manet played in the Impressionist revolution, will find this a book to own."--Jacket
Manet and the painters of contemporary life by
Alan Krell(
Book
)
4 editions published in 1996 in English and held by 574 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Yet he did not ally himself with the other painters of contemporary life, the Impressionists, preferring to engage with a Realist tradition, and at the same time drawing on the art of the past - Raphael, Titian, Velazquez, Goya - to confront his own age. In this freshly researched study Alan Krell examines the artist's known intentions and the critical, sometimes bitterly hostile reception that he encountered
4 editions published in 1996 in English and held by 574 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Yet he did not ally himself with the other painters of contemporary life, the Impressionists, preferring to engage with a Realist tradition, and at the same time drawing on the art of the past - Raphael, Titian, Velazquez, Goya - to confront his own age. In this freshly researched study Alan Krell examines the artist's known intentions and the critical, sometimes bitterly hostile reception that he encountered
Edouard Manet by
Pierre Courthion(
Book
)
5 editions published in 1984 in English and held by 561 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Contains forty color plates, supplemented by black-and-white reproductions with text and commentary on Manet's life and his works
5 editions published in 1984 in English and held by 561 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Contains forty color plates, supplemented by black-and-white reproductions with text and commentary on Manet's life and his works
Manet Manette by
Carol M Armstrong(
Book
)
4 editions published in 2002 in English and held by 536 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Carol Armstrong looks closely at Manet's works to uncover a novel and compelling view not only of the artist but also of modernity itself. As she places his art within frameworks of color, the feminine Other (the "Manette" in "Manet"), and consumerism, Armstrong greatly expands and revises our understanding of this artist as a painter of modern life. Book jacket
4 editions published in 2002 in English and held by 536 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Carol Armstrong looks closely at Manet's works to uncover a novel and compelling view not only of the artist but also of modernity itself. As she places his art within frameworks of color, the feminine Other (the "Manette" in "Manet"), and consumerism, Armstrong greatly expands and revises our understanding of this artist as a painter of modern life. Book jacket
Portrait of Manet by himself and his contemporaries by
Édouard Manet(
Book
)
30 editions published between 1945 and 1960 in 3 languages and held by 521 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
30 editions published between 1945 and 1960 in 3 languages and held by 521 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Manet's silence and the poetics of bouquets by
James Henry Rubin(
Book
)
7 editions published in 1994 in English and held by 422 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
A sense of stillness and silence pervades Manet's painting. His flattened, sometimes fragmented forms appear to exist absentmindedly in a world removed from speech. It is this silence that James Rubin explores in a book that shows us Manet as we see him - naturally, in pictures that articulated their own purely visual terms. In such a sense, this book is about the restoration of the visual to its primacy in art through Manet's painting. While insisting that Manet's pictures must be given the first and final say in any interpretation, Rubin uses contradictory views of the painter's works - from the present and past - as a context for approaching them. Applying J.L. Austin's notion of the performative, which bridges the gap between language and action or between the painted image and its social effect, Rubin goes beyond past theorists to describe the curious ways in which Manet's paintings act upon us. With these ideas as his guide, he takes us through Manet's work, pointing out the elements that are distinctive and consistent, particularly the painter's reliance on a pattern of gazes and the "unique state of undecidability" that this strategy produces. Rubin also examines Manet's relationship to three of the leading critics of his day - Baudelaire, Zola, and Mallarme - giving special attention to Mallarme's appreciation, and eventual use in his own poetry, of the paradox between immersion and externality in Manet's oeuvre. Finally, the book uses the image of the bouquet to exemplify Manet's creative poetics through an exploration of his still life. Filled with revealing insights into Manet's achievement, this sensitive, informed, and clearly written book goes a long way toward explaining why Manet's paintings continue to fascinate and elude us more than one hundred years after the artist's death
7 editions published in 1994 in English and held by 422 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
A sense of stillness and silence pervades Manet's painting. His flattened, sometimes fragmented forms appear to exist absentmindedly in a world removed from speech. It is this silence that James Rubin explores in a book that shows us Manet as we see him - naturally, in pictures that articulated their own purely visual terms. In such a sense, this book is about the restoration of the visual to its primacy in art through Manet's painting. While insisting that Manet's pictures must be given the first and final say in any interpretation, Rubin uses contradictory views of the painter's works - from the present and past - as a context for approaching them. Applying J.L. Austin's notion of the performative, which bridges the gap between language and action or between the painted image and its social effect, Rubin goes beyond past theorists to describe the curious ways in which Manet's paintings act upon us. With these ideas as his guide, he takes us through Manet's work, pointing out the elements that are distinctive and consistent, particularly the painter's reliance on a pattern of gazes and the "unique state of undecidability" that this strategy produces. Rubin also examines Manet's relationship to three of the leading critics of his day - Baudelaire, Zola, and Mallarme - giving special attention to Mallarme's appreciation, and eventual use in his own poetry, of the paradox between immersion and externality in Manet's oeuvre. Finally, the book uses the image of the bouquet to exemplify Manet's creative poetics through an exploration of his still life. Filled with revealing insights into Manet's achievement, this sensitive, informed, and clearly written book goes a long way toward explaining why Manet's paintings continue to fascinate and elude us more than one hundred years after the artist's death
Manet by
Claudia Lyn Cahan(
Book
)
2 editions published in 1980 in English and held by 358 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
2 editions published in 1980 in English and held by 358 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Manet and the American Civil War : the Battle of U.S.S. Kearsarge and C.S.S. Alabama by
Juliet Wilson-Bareau(
Book
)
7 editions published in 2003 in English and held by 357 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
"On June 19, 1864, the United States warship Kearsarge sank the Confederate raider Alabama off the coast of Cherbourg, France, in one of the most celebrated naval engagements of the American Civil War. When Kearsarge later anchored off the French resort town of Boulogne-sur-Mer it was thronged by curious visitors, one of whom was the artist Edouard Manet. Although he did not witness the historic battle, Manet made a painting of it partly as an attempt to regain the respect of his colleagues after having been ridiculed for his works in the 1864 Salon. Manet's picture of the naval engagement and his portrait of the victorious Kearsarge belong to a group of his seascapes of Boulogne whose unorthodox perspective and composition would profoundly influence the course of French painting." "Manet's paintings and watercolors related to the battle are considered in depth alongside numerous prints, photographs, letters, and archival newspaper illustrations that illuminate the history of the episode and in some cases dispel lingering misconceptions. Manet's other Boulogne seascapes are also discussed in terms of their complex chronology and evolution. A final chapter touches on some of the sources for the seascapes - from Old Master paintings to Japanese woodblock prints - and traces the influence of the seascapes on such artists as Gustave Courbet, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, and Claude Monet."--BOOK JACKET
7 editions published in 2003 in English and held by 357 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
"On June 19, 1864, the United States warship Kearsarge sank the Confederate raider Alabama off the coast of Cherbourg, France, in one of the most celebrated naval engagements of the American Civil War. When Kearsarge later anchored off the French resort town of Boulogne-sur-Mer it was thronged by curious visitors, one of whom was the artist Edouard Manet. Although he did not witness the historic battle, Manet made a painting of it partly as an attempt to regain the respect of his colleagues after having been ridiculed for his works in the 1864 Salon. Manet's picture of the naval engagement and his portrait of the victorious Kearsarge belong to a group of his seascapes of Boulogne whose unorthodox perspective and composition would profoundly influence the course of French painting." "Manet's paintings and watercolors related to the battle are considered in depth alongside numerous prints, photographs, letters, and archival newspaper illustrations that illuminate the history of the episode and in some cases dispel lingering misconceptions. Manet's other Boulogne seascapes are also discussed in terms of their complex chronology and evolution. A final chapter touches on some of the sources for the seascapes - from Old Master paintings to Japanese woodblock prints - and traces the influence of the seascapes on such artists as Gustave Courbet, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, and Claude Monet."--BOOK JACKET
Manet by
Kathleen Adler(
Book
)
7 editions published in 1986 in 3 languages and held by 339 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
In his lifetime Édouard Manet (1832-83) insisted that his paintings were to be seen 'as a whole'. The major exhibitions of his work in Paris and New York in 1983 went some way towards achieving this aim, and the same intention lies behind Kathleen Adler's new monograph, for it is only when the paintings are juxtaposed that the artist's continuing preoccupations and explorations become apparent. There has been an upsurge of interest in Manet in recent years, and the recent scholarship which this has generated is duly appraised in Kathleen Adler's wide-ranging text. The major themes of Manet studies are fully discussed: his concern to express visually what Charles Baudelaire had termed 'the heroism of modern life'; his continual struggle for acceptance at the Paris Salons and his interest in other ways of exhibiting; his absorption and reinterpretation of the work of earlier artists; his experimentation with complex composition; and his attempts to engage the spectator as an active participant in his work. The views of critics of Manet's day and of our own are also considered and new propositions made for a better understanding of his intentions and of the measure of his success. The cleaning of many of the major paintings for the exhibitions was itself a major contribution to Manet studies, and the book's carefully selected colour plates allow readers to assess for themselves the tremendous impact paintings such as Olympia and A Bar at the Folies Bergére must have had on the visitors to the Paris Salons. They also demonstrate clearly why the artist's work continues to impress and challenge. -- Inside jacket flap
7 editions published in 1986 in 3 languages and held by 339 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
In his lifetime Édouard Manet (1832-83) insisted that his paintings were to be seen 'as a whole'. The major exhibitions of his work in Paris and New York in 1983 went some way towards achieving this aim, and the same intention lies behind Kathleen Adler's new monograph, for it is only when the paintings are juxtaposed that the artist's continuing preoccupations and explorations become apparent. There has been an upsurge of interest in Manet in recent years, and the recent scholarship which this has generated is duly appraised in Kathleen Adler's wide-ranging text. The major themes of Manet studies are fully discussed: his concern to express visually what Charles Baudelaire had termed 'the heroism of modern life'; his continual struggle for acceptance at the Paris Salons and his interest in other ways of exhibiting; his absorption and reinterpretation of the work of earlier artists; his experimentation with complex composition; and his attempts to engage the spectator as an active participant in his work. The views of critics of Manet's day and of our own are also considered and new propositions made for a better understanding of his intentions and of the measure of his success. The cleaning of many of the major paintings for the exhibitions was itself a major contribution to Manet studies, and the book's carefully selected colour plates allow readers to assess for themselves the tremendous impact paintings such as Olympia and A Bar at the Folies Bergére must have had on the visitors to the Paris Salons. They also demonstrate clearly why the artist's work continues to impress and challenge. -- Inside jacket flap
Édouard Manet : catalogue raisonné by
Denis Rouart(
Book
)
9 editions published in 1975 in French and Undetermined and held by 311 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Catalogue raisonné
9 editions published in 1975 in French and Undetermined and held by 311 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Catalogue raisonné
The impressionists by
David Manson(
Visual
)
2 editions published in 2006 in English and held by 286 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Tells the story of one of the art world's most colorful characters. A true maverick and a highly controversial figure in his day, Edouard Manet became a father figure to the Impressionist movement because of his stand against the restrictions and conventions of the French salon
2 editions published in 2006 in English and held by 286 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Tells the story of one of the art world's most colorful characters. A true maverick and a highly controversial figure in his day, Edouard Manet became a father figure to the Impressionist movement because of his stand against the restrictions and conventions of the French salon
Manet : initial M, hand and eye by
James Henry Rubin(
Book
)
5 editions published in 2010 in English and held by 274 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
"An authoritative work on Edouard Manet, viewed by many as the father of modern painting. Few artists have created as much controversy as Manet: his avant-garde work not only challenged the traditions of art, but also addressed society as a whole. With his painting Olympia (1869), he was to become, to quote Degas, "as famous as Garibaldi." Yet how the diffident son of a bourgeois family became the father of both realism and impressionism is a complex story that has too often been overlooked. As Manet has rightly become recognized as a touchstone for historical change, his personal story has become all the more relevant to the study of art history."--Publisher description
5 editions published in 2010 in English and held by 274 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
"An authoritative work on Edouard Manet, viewed by many as the father of modern painting. Few artists have created as much controversy as Manet: his avant-garde work not only challenged the traditions of art, but also addressed society as a whole. With his painting Olympia (1869), he was to become, to quote Degas, "as famous as Garibaldi." Yet how the diffident son of a bourgeois family became the father of both realism and impressionism is a complex story that has too often been overlooked. As Manet has rightly become recognized as a touchstone for historical change, his personal story has become all the more relevant to the study of art history."--Publisher description
Manet : a visionary impressionist by
Henri Lallemand(
Book
)
3 editions published between 1994 and 1996 in English and Japanese and held by 272 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Introduces the life of Edouard Manet and his works
3 editions published between 1994 and 1996 in English and Japanese and held by 272 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Introduces the life of Edouard Manet and his works
Manet by
Édouard Manet(
Book
)
3 editions published in 2006 in English and held by 266 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
A discussion of the work of the French impressionist includes commentary by famous art historians, a critical essay on the artist's life and art, a timeline, and a list of museums where the featured paintings can be found
3 editions published in 2006 in English and held by 266 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
A discussion of the work of the French impressionist includes commentary by famous art historians, a critical essay on the artist's life and art, a timeline, and a list of museums where the featured paintings can be found
Edouard Manet : images of Parisian life by
Hajo Düchting(
Book
)
4 editions published in 1995 in English and held by 265 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Transforming fleeting visual impressions of atmosphere and light into a web of shimmering colors, Manet's eye concentrates on the motif, on the figure in its individuality, the essence of which he was able to capture with a few adroit brushstrokes
4 editions published in 1995 in English and held by 265 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Transforming fleeting visual impressions of atmosphere and light into a web of shimmering colors, Manet's eye concentrates on the motif, on the figure in its individuality, the essence of which he was able to capture with a few adroit brushstrokes
Perspectives on Manet by
Therese Dolan(
Book
)
7 editions published between 2011 and 2017 in English and held by 262 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Bringing forth fresh perspectives on Manet's art by established scholars, this volume places the compelling and elusive artist's painted œuvre within a broader cultural context, and links his artistic preoccupations with literary and musical currents
7 editions published between 2011 and 2017 in English and held by 262 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Bringing forth fresh perspectives on Manet's art by established scholars, this volume places the compelling and elusive artist's painted œuvre within a broader cultural context, and links his artistic preoccupations with literary and musical currents
The life and works of Manet by
Nathaniel Harris(
Book
)
3 editions published between 1994 and 1998 in English and Spanish and held by 259 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
This book reproduces fifty of the best-known works of Edouard Manet, a leader of the French Impressionists
3 editions published between 1994 and 1998 in English and Spanish and held by 259 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
This book reproduces fifty of the best-known works of Edouard Manet, a leader of the French Impressionists
Manet by
Robert Rey(
Book
)
7 editions published in 1962 in 3 languages and held by 245 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
New insights into the French painter's work. With 80 illustrations, including 50 color plates, 7 sketches in red crayon, 15 drawings, and others
7 editions published in 1962 in 3 languages and held by 245 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
New insights into the French painter's work. With 80 illustrations, including 50 color plates, 7 sketches in red crayon, 15 drawings, and others
Edouard Manet, the graphic work : a catalogue raisonné by
Jean C Harris(
Book
)
4 editions published in 1990 in English and held by 217 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Catalogue raisonné
4 editions published in 1990 in English and held by 217 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Catalogue raisonné
Manet by
Sarah Carr-Gomm(
Book
)
6 editions published in 1992 in English and Spanish and held by 208 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Introduces the life of Edouard Manet and his works
6 editions published in 1992 in English and Spanish and held by 208 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Introduces the life of Edouard Manet and his works
more
fewer
Audience Level
| 0 |
 |
1 | ||
| Kids | General | Special | ||
Related Identities
- Wilson-Bareau, Juliet Other Contributor Adapter Author Editor
- Schneider, Pierre 1925- Author
- Time-Life Books Editor
- Degas, Edgar 1834-1917 Lithographer Illustrator Artist Author Engraver
- Meurent, Victorine Author
- Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest 1815-1891
- Cézanne, Paul 1839-1906 Illustrator Artist Author
- King, Ross 1962- Author
- Musée d'Orsay Other
- Courthion, Pierre Author of introduction Author Editor
Useful Links
Associated Subjects
American Civil War (1861-1865) Art, French Art and literature Art and society Art and state Artists Artists' models Artists--Psychology Art--Political aspects Bacon, Francis, Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, Cézanne, Paul, Creation (Literary, artistic, etc.) Degas, Edgar, De Kooning, Willem, Feminist art criticism Flowers in art France France--Paris French literature Freud, Lucian Friendship Giorgione, Gropius, Walter, History--Philosophy Impressionism (Art) Impressionist artists Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) Lipton, Eunice Manet, Édouard, Manners and customs Marine painting, French Matisse, Henri, Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest, Meurent, Victorine Mondrian, Piet, Naval battles in art Painters Painting, French Painting, Modern Picasso, Pablo, Politics and government Pollock, Jackson, Realism in art Relations with women Ships in art Still-life painting, French United States Veils Women art historians
Covers
Alternative Names
e. manet
ed. manet
Édouard Manet
Édouard Manet franca pentristo
Édouard Manet francia festő és grafikus
Édouard Manet Frans kunstschilder
Édouard Manet fransk målare och grafiker
Édouard Manet fransk maler
Édouard Manet französischer Maler
Édouard Manet French painter
Édouard Manet malarz francuski
Édouard Manet peintre français
Édouard Manet Phransiya jacha marka yäpa llimphiri
Édouard Manet pictor francez
Édouard Manet piktor francez
Édouard Manet pintor francés
Édouard Manet pittore francese
Édouard Manet Prantsusmaa maalikunstnik
Édouard Manet Ransiya mama llaqtayuq llimphiq
Édouard Manet ranskalainen taidemaalari
Édouard Manet Slikar
Eduard Mane
Éduard Manet
Eduardus Manet
Eduārs Manē
edward manet
Mane, Eduar
Mane, Eduar 1832-1883
Mane Eduaras
Manė, Eduard
Manė, Ėduard 1832-1883
Manet.
Manet 1832-1833
Manet 1832-1883
manet e.
Manet, Ed 1832-1883
manet edouard
Manet, Édouard 1832-1883
Manet, Edouart
manet, eduard
Manet, Éduard 1832-1883
manet, eduoard
Manet, Edward.
Εντουάρ Μανέ Γάλλος ζωγράφος
Едуар Мане
Едуар Мане французький художник імпресіоніст
Мане
Мане 1832-1883
Мане Э
Мане Э. 1832-1883
Мане Эдуард
Мане, Эдуард 1832-1883
Манэ Э
Манэ Э. 1832-1883
Эдуард Мане французский художник
Эдуард Манэ
Եդուարդ Մանէ
Էդուարդ Մանե
Էդուարդ Մանե ֆրանսիացի նկարիչ
אדואר מאנה
אדואר מאנה צייר צרפתי
מאנה, אדוארד
מאנה, אדוארד 1832־1883
מנה, אדוארד 1832-1883
ادوار مانه نقاش فرانسوی
إدوار مانيه
ادوارد مانيه
إدوارد مانيه رسام فرنسي
ایڈورڈ مانی
एडुआर्ड म्यानेट
এডৱার মানে
এদুয়ার মানে
এদুয়ার মানে ফরাসি চিত্রশিল্পী
ਐਡੂਆਰਡ ਮਾਨੇ
எடுவார்ட் மனே
എദ്വാർ മാനെ
เอดัวร์ มาแน
ედუარ მანე
마네, 에도와르 1832-1883
마네, 에두아르 1832-1883
에두아르 마네
エドゥアール・マネ フランスの画家
マネ
愛德華·馬內
爱德华·马奈
愛德華·馬奈 印象派法國藝術家
Languages