United States Dept. of Energy Oak Ridge OperationsOverview
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Most widely held works by
United States
Development of Technologies for a High Efficiency, Very Low Emission, Diesel Engine for Light Trucks and Sport Utility Vehicles
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2 editions published between 1997 and 2005 in English and held by 2 libraries worldwide Cummins Inc., in partnership with the Department of Energy, has developed technology for a new highly efficient, very low emission, diesel engine for light trucks and sport utility vehicles. This work began in April 1997, and started with very aggressive goals for vehicles in the 5751 to 8500 pound GCW weight class. The primary program goals were as follows: (1) EMISSIONS -- NOx = 0.50 g/mi; PM = 0.05 g/mi; CO = 2.8 g/mi; and NMHC = 0.07 g/mi. California decided to issue new and even tougher LEV II light truck regulations late in 1999. EPA also issued its lower Tier 2 regulations late in 2000. The net result was that the targets for this diesel engine project were lowered, and these goals were eventually modified by the publication of Federal Tier 2 emission standards early in 2000 to the following: NOx = 0.07 g/mi; and PM = 0.01 g/mi. (2) FUEL ECONOMY -- The fuel economy goal was 50 percent MPG improvement (combined city/highway) over the 1997 gasoline powered light truck or sport utility vehicle in the vehicle class for which this diesel engine is being designed to replace. The goal for fuel economy remained at 50 percent MPG improvement, even with the emissions goal revisions. (3) COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT -- Regular design reviews of the engine program will be conducted with a vehicle manufacturer to insure that the concepts and design specifics are commercially feasible. (DaimlerChrysler has provided Cummins with this design review input.) Cummins has essentially completed a demonstration of proof-of-principle for a diesel engine platform using advanced combustion and fuel system technologies. Cummins reported very early progress in this project, evidence that new diesel engine technology had been developed that demonstrated the feasibility of the above emissions goals. Emissions levels of NOx = 0.4 g/mi and PM = 0.06 g/mi were demonstrated for a 5250 lb. test weight vehicle with passive aftertreatment only. These results were achieved using the full chassis dynamometer FTP-75 test procedure that allowed compliance with the Tier 2 Interim Bin 10 Standards and would apply to vehicles in MY2004 through MY2007 timeframe. In further technology development with active aftertreatment management, Cummins has been able to report that the emissions goals for the Tier 2 Bin 5 standards were met on an engine running the full FTP-75 test procedure. The fuel economy on the chassis tests was measured at over 59 percent MPG improvement over the gasoline engines that are offered in typical SUVs and light trucks. The above demonstration used only in-cylinder fueling for management of the aftertreatment system.
Research in theoretical nuclear physics
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4 editions published between 1990 and 1992 in English and held by 1 library worldwide The work done during the past year covers three separate areas, low energy nuclear reactions intermediate energy physics, and nuclear structure studies. This manuscript summarizes our achievements made in these three areas.
Research and development of methods
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4 editions published between 1992 and 1993 in English and held by 1 library worldwide Purpose is to help managers approach their responsibilities proactively, so that they can anticipate problems and take actions to alleviate or eliminate those problems. Continuous performance improvement, the philosophy behind total quality management, requires working cooperatively to do a little better each day. The most effective tools are working through a closed set of 9 methods: setting expectations, charting, defining indicators and standards, collecting and logging data, converting data to information, organizing and presenting information, reviewing status and progress, self-management, and appraising. In addition, there are 8 rules: focus on what you can do, supply physical evidence of progress, pay attention to detail, inspect (don't expect), review progress routinely and frequently, face ''success/fail'' squarely, communicate crisply, and conduct honest, open appraisals. Scope and plans of the draft research plan (study areas) are described.
Correlations between surface structure and catalytic activity
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4 editions published between 1990 and 1994 in English and held by 1 library worldwide Objective is to address the keys to understanding the relation between surface structure and catalytic activity/selectivity. Of concern are questions related to enhanced catalytic properties of mixed-metal catalysts and critical active site requirements for molecular synthesis and rearrangement. The experimental approach utilizes a microcatalytic reactor contiguous to a surface analysis system, an arrangement which allows in vacuo transfer of the catalyst from one chamber to the other. Surface techniques being used include Auger (AES), UV and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS and XPS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Our research program builds upon our previous experience relating the results of single crystal kinetic measurements with the results obtained with supported analogs. As well we are exploiting our recent work on the preparation, the characterization, and the determination of the catalytic properties of ultra-thin metal and metal oxide films. The program is proceeding toward the study of the unique catalytic properties of ultrathin metal films; the investigation of the critical ensemble size requirements for principal catalytic reaction types; and the modelling of supported catalysts using ultra-thin planar oxide surfaces.
Mechanical properties and modeling of seal-forming lithologies
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3 editions published between 1992 and 1998 in English and held by 1 library worldwide Both rocksalt and shale lithologies are actively deformed in response to gravitational loads associated with deposition, and both form effective seals to petroleum and natural gas. Thus, the shapes of seal-forming units, and the nature of fractures and faults that may breach them depend upon either the mechanical properties of salt or those of shale, and the loading histories to which they have been subjected. The objectives of this research include the determination of the mechanical properties under controlled conditions of well-characterized shales, and the numerical modeling of rocksalt (and eventually shale) formations using laboratory-based rheologies. Progress has been made towards these goals over this project period, both in our experimental program on shale deformation and model development for the growth of salt diapirs. The mechanical anisotropy of an illite-bearing shale from Louisiana has been determined and related to the preferred orientation and distribution of clays. Its strength in the absence of pore fluids has been determined at confining pressures of up to 250 MPa and at high pressure we have investigated the effects of deformation rate and temperature. A numerical finite difference code has been developed to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and validated using a two- layer linear viscous model for which analytic solutions are available. Although the code has only been validated for the linear viscous case, it is capable of solving for highly nonlinear constitutive laws as well as solving for arbitrary interfaces between the salt and overburden.
New high temperature plasmas and sample introduction systems for analytical atomic emission and mass spectrometry
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3 editions published between 1990 and 1992 in English and held by 1 library worldwide In this project, new high temperature plasmas and new sample introduction systems are developed for rapid elemental and isotopic analysis of gases, solutions, and solids using atomic emission spectrometry (AES) and mass spectrometry (MS). These devices offer promise of solving singularly difficult analytical problems that either exist now or are likely to arise in the future in the various fields of energy generation, environmental pollution, nutrition, and biomedicine. Emphasis is being placed on: (a) generation of annular, helium inductively coupled plasmas (He ICPs) that are suitable for atomization, excitation, and ionization of elements possessing high excitation and ionization energies, with the intent of enhancing the detecting powers of a number of elements, (b) computer modelings of ICP discharges to predict the behavior of new and existing plasmas, (c) diagnostic studies of high-temperature plasmas and sample introduction systems to quantify their fundamental properties, with the ultimate aim to improve analytical performance of atomic spectrometry, (d) development and characterization of new, low-cost sample introduction systems that consume microliter or microgram quantities of samples, and (e) investigation of new membrane separators for stripping solvent from sample aerosol to reduce various interferences and to enhance sensitivity and selectivity in plasma spectrometry. 9 refs.
Nuclear structure from radioactive decay
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Book
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3 editions published between 1990 and 1992 in English and held by 1 library worldwide This report discusses nuclear structure from radioactive decay of the following: Neutron-Deficient Iridium Isotopes; Neutron-Deficient Platinum Isotopes; Neutron-Deficient Gold Isotopes; Neutron-Deficient Mercury Isotopes; Neutron-Deficient Thallium Isotopes; Neutron-Deficient Lead Isotopes; Neutron-Deficient Samarium Isotopes; Neutron-Deficient Promethium Isotopes; Neutron-Deficient Neodymium Isotopes; and Neutron-Deficient Praseodymium Isotopes. Also discussed are Nuclear Systematics and Models.
The study of effects of small perturbations on chaotic systems
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3 editions published between 1990 and 1993 in English and held by 1 library worldwide Very brief summaries are given of work on the following topics: prevalence, border crossing bifurcations, numerical procedure for computing the dimension, generalized saddle straddle trajectories methods, and finding typical trajectories numerically.
Studies in medium energy physics
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3 editions published between 1991 and 1992 in English and held by 1 library worldwide Progress is briefly reported in the following areas: p + A precision elastic forward-angle cross sections for 500- to 800-MeV p on [sup 40]Ca; precision measurement of D[sub NN] for [sup 13]C([rvec p], [rvec p]) at 500 MeV; design of a polarized nuclear target; search for very rare K[sub L] decays; search for the H dibaryon; experimental search for quark -- gluon plasma; and theoretical work on proton -- nucleus scattering.
Nonlinear dynamics and plasma transport
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Book
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3 editions published between 1992 and 1995 in English and held by 1 library worldwide This progress report details work done on a program in nonlinear dynamical aspects of plasma turbulence and transport funded by DOE since 1989. This program has been in cooperation with laboratories in theUSSR [now Russia and the Confederation of Independent States (CIS)]. The purpose of this program has been: To promote the utilization of recent pathbreaking developments in nonlinear science in plasma turbulence and transport. To promote cooperative scientific investigations between the US and CIS in the related areas of nonlinear science and plasma turbulence and transport. In the work reported in our progress report, we have studied simple models which are motivated by observation on actual fusion devices. The models focus on the important physical processes without incorporating the complexity of the geometry of real devices. This allows for a deeper analysis and understanding of the system both analytically and numerically.
Radiation-induced micrencephaly in guinea pigs
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Book
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3 editions published between 1991 and 1992 in English and held by 1 library worldwide The effect of x rays on brain weight of guinea pig pups at birth was studied for 21-day old embroys exposed in utero to doses of 75 and 100 mGy. When compared to controls and when corrected for body weight, gestation time, litter size, sex, and examiner differences the brains of irradiated pups weighed approximately 46 mg less than those of controls (p<0.001) for the 75-mGy group and about 55 mg less for the 100-mGy group. Brains of females weighed 51 mg less than those of males of the same body weight. Dam weight and caging conditions had no observed effect on brain weight.
Exploitation of parallelism in climate models
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Book
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3 editions published between 1992 and 1999 in English and held by 1 library worldwide The US Department of Energy (DOE) through its CHAMMP initiative, hopes to develop the capability to make meaningful regional climate forecasts on time scales exceeding a decade, such capability to be based on numerical prediction type models. We propose research to consider theoretical limits to prediction of climate and climate change on appropriate time scales, to develop new mathematical techniques to utilize massively parallel processors (MPP), to actually utilize MPP's as a research tool, and to develop improved representations of some processes essential to climate prediction. In particular, our goals are to: Reconfigure the prediction equations such that the time iteration process can be compressed by use of MMP architecture, and to develop appropriate algorithms; develop local subgrid scale models which can provide time and space dependent parameterization for a state-of-the-art climate model to minimize the scale resolution necessary for a climate model, and to utilize MPP capability to simultaneously integrate those subgrid models and their statistics; and capitalize on the MPP architecture to study the inherent ensemble nature of the climate problem.
Capillary liquid chromatography using laser-based and mass spectrometric detection
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3 editions published between 1990 and 1992 in English and held by 1 library worldwide The research performed during the past year has mainly focused on investigating and minimizing the problems listed below that limit the practical utility of these capillary electrokinetic separation techniques in chemical analysis. (1) Analyses are hindered by poor reproducibility. This is largely a result of complicated and irreproducible capillary wall-solute interactions that often result in adsorption and mobility changes. (2) While the Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography technique permits the separations of neutral solutes, hydrophobic compounds are difficult to separate and manipulation of capacity factors is critically important due to a limited elution range. Because of the limited elution range, it is also beneficial to enhance separation selectivity through the use of non-traditional surfactants. (3) The very small solute band volumes require that on-column'' detection be performed (usually optical detection) and this seriously limits detectability. Laser fluorimetry is particularly amenable to on- column detection with these capillary separation technique. We have explored methods of on-column labeling and multi-wavelength detection to expand the utility of this mode of detection. 35 refs., 7 figs.
A program in Medium-Energy Nuclear Physics
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Book
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3 editions published between 1990 and 1991 in English and held by 1 library worldwide This report discusses research on the following topics: single electron scattering; coincidence electron scattering; photonuclear reactions; pion scattering; and the GWU nuclear detector. (LSP).
Nuclear spectroscopic studies. Progress report
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3 editions published between 1993 and 1996 in English and held by 1 library worldwide The Nuclear Physics group at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville is involved in several aspects of heavy-ion physics including both nuclear structure and reaction mechanisms. While our main emphasis is on experimental problems involving heavy-ion accelerators, we have maintained a strong collaboration with several theorists in order to best pursue the physics of our measurements. During the last year we have led several experiments at the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility and participated in others at Argonne National Laboratory. Also, we continue to be very active in the collaboration to study ultra-relativistic heavy ion physics utilizing the SPS accelerator at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and in a RHIC detector R&D project. Our experimental work is in four broad areas: (1) the structure of nuclei at high angular momentum, (2) heavy-ion induced transfer reactions, (3) the structure of nuclei far from stability, and (4) ultra-relativistic heavy-ion physics. The results of studies in these particular areas will be described in this document in sections IIA, IIB, IIC, and IID, respectively. Areas (1), (3), and (4) concentrate on the structure of nuclear matter in extreme conditions of rotational motion, imbalance of neutrons and protons, or very high temperature and density. Area (2) pursues the transfer of nucleons to states with high angular momentum, both to learn about their structure and to understand the transfer of particles, energy, and angular momentum in collisions between heavy ions. An important component of our program is the strong emphasis on the theoretical aspects of nuclear structure and reactions.
Aluminum-fly ash metal matrix composites for automotive parts. [Reports for October 1 to December 1998, and January 31 to March 31, 1999
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3 editions published between 1999 and 2000 in English and held by 1 library worldwide The highlights of this report are: (1) fly ash classified by less than 100 microns in size was mixed into a 300 lb melt of alloy 535 without the need of a magnesium additive; (2) a vibratory feeder fitted with a sieve was used as the means to minimize particle clustering while introducing fly ash into the aluminum alloy 535 melt; and (3) the industrial-size field test was successful in that sand mold castings and permanent mold castings of tensile bars, K mold bars, and ingots were made from aluminum alloy 535-fly ash mix. Use of aluminum alloy 535 containing 7% magnesium precluded the need to introduce additional magnesium into the melt. The third round of sand mold castings as well as permanent mold castings produced components and ingots of alloy 535 instead of alloy 356. The ingots will be remelted and cast into parts to assess the improvement of flyash distribution which occurs through reheating and the solidification wetting process. Microstructure analysis continues on sand and permanent mold castings to study particle distribution in the components. A prototype sand cast intake manifold casting was found to be pressure tight which is a major performance requirement for this part. Another heat of pressure die cast brackets of A380-classified fly ash will be made to examine their strength and fly ash distribution. Ingots of A356-fly ash have been made at Eck for remelting at Thompson Aluminum for squeeze casting into motor mounts.
Synthesis of new high performance lubricants and solid lubricants
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3 editions published between 1992 and 1993 in English and held by 1 library worldwide In our second year of funding we began the testing phase of a number of new classes of lubricants. Three different testing collaborations have already begun and a fourth one is In the works with Dr. Stephen Hsu of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Dr. Hsu also plans to test some of the same materials for us that Shell Development is studying. With Dr. Bill Jones of NASA, we are studying the effects of branching an high temperature lubricant properties in perfluoropolyethers, Initially Bill Jones is comparing the lubrication and physical properties of perfluorotetraglyme and the following two spherical perfluoropolyethers, Note that one contains a fluorocarbon chain and the other one contains a fluorocarbon ether chain. The synthesis of these was reported in the last progress report. With Professor Patricia Thiel of Iowa State University, we are working on studies of perfluoromethylene oxide ethers and have prepared a series of four of these polyethers to study in collaboration with her research group. These perfluoromethylene oxide ethers have the best low temperature properties of any known lubricants. Thiel's group is studying their interactions with metals under extreme conditions. Thirdly, we have also begun an Interaction with W. August Birke of Shell Development Company in Houston for whom we have already prepared samples of the chlorine-substituted fluorocarbon polyether lubricants whose structures appear on page 54 of our research proposal. Each of these four structures is thought to have potential as lubricant additives to motor oils. We also have underway syntheses of other fluorine-containing branched ether lubricants. These new materials which are also promising as antifriction additives for motor oils appear ahead of the perfluoro additives as Appendix I to the progress report. Additionally for Birke and Shell Development we have at their request prepared the novel compound perfluoro salicylic acid. This synthesis was suggested by the Shell staff who thought that esters of perfluoro salicylic acid might be an excellent antifriction additive for motor oil fuels. One of the best additives currently used in motor oils is the hydrocarbon ester of salicylic acid.
Mathematical models of hysteresis
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3 editions published between 1991 and 1998 in English and held by 1 library worldwide The research described in this proposal is currently being supported by the US Department of Energy under the contract Mathematical Models of Hysteresis''. Thus, before discussing the proposed research in detail, it is worthwhile to describe and summarize the main results achieved in the course of our work under the above contract. Our ongoing research has largely been focused on the development of mathematical models of hysteretic nonlinearities with nonlocal memories''. The distinct feature of these nonlinearities is that their current states depend on past histories of input variations. It turns out that memories of hysteretic nonlinearities are quite selective. Indeed, experiments show that only some past input extrema leave their marks upon future states of hysteretic nonlinearities. Thus special mathematical tools are needed in order to describe nonlocal selective memories of hysteretic nonlinearities. Our research has been primarily concerned with Preisach-type models of hysteresis. All these models have a common generic feature; they are constructed as superpositions of simplest hysteretic nonlinearities-rectangular loops. Our study has by and large been centered around the following topics: various generalizations and extensions of the classical Preisach model, finding of necessary and sufficient conditions for the representation of actual hysteretic nonlinearities by various Preisach type models, solution of identification problems for these models, numerical implementation and experimental testing of Preisach type models. Although the study of Preisach type models has constituted the main direction of the research, some effort has also been made to establish some interesting connections between these models and such topics as: the critical state model for superconducting hysteresis, the classical Stoner-Wohlfarth model of vector magnetic hysteresis, thermal activation type models for viscosity, magnetostrictive hysteresis and neural networks.
Manipulating the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas Present realities and future prospects
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2 editions published in 1992 in English and held by 1 library worldwide Biotechnology is being applied in vitro modification and stable reintroduction of chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nicotiana tabacum by homologous recombination. We are attempting the function analyses of plastid encoded proteins involved in photosynthesis, characterization of sequences which regulate expression of plastid genes at the transcriptional and translational levels, targeted disruption of chloroplast genes and molecular analysis of processes involved in chloroplast recombination.
Advanced Thermal Barrier Coating System Development. Technical progress report
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11 editions published between 1996 and 2000 in English and held by 1 library worldwide The objectives of the program are to provide an improved TBC system with increased temperature capability and improved reliability relative to current state of the art TBC systems. The development of such a coating system is essential to the ATS engine meeting its objectives. The base program consists of three phases: Phase I: Program Planning - Complete; Phase II: Development; and Phase III: Selected Specimen - Bench Test. Work is being performed in Phase II and III of the program. more
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