| Acknowledgments | | xi | |
| Abbreviations | | xiii | |
| Editor's Foreword | | xv | |
| Normative Centering in the 15th and 16th Centuries: Observations on Religiosity, Thcology, and Iconology |
| | 1 | (49) |
| Normative Centering: An Interpretive Category |
| | 1 | (3) |
| The Normative Centering of Religion |
| | 4 | (14) |
| Forms of Normative Centering: The Theology of Piety and Images of Piety |
| | 18 | (6) |
| Three Exemplary Images of Piety |
| | 24 | (8) |
| The Centering of Piety around the Passion, Mercy, and Trust |
| | 32 | (11) |
| From the Centering of the Late Middle Ages to the Centering of the Reformation: Continuity and Upheaval |
| | 43 | (7) |
| Between Severity and Mercy. Three Models of Pre-Reformation Urban Reform Preaching: Savonarola - Staupitz - Geiler |
| | 50 | (38) |
| Urban `dirigenti religiosi' of the Reformation and Late Middle Ages |
| | 50 | (5) |
| Girolamo Savonarola: Preacher of God's Severity |
| | 55 | (10) |
| Johannes von Staupitz: Preacher of God's Mercy |
| | 65 | (8) |
| Johannes Geiler von Keyscrsberg: Preacher between Severity and Mercy |
| | 73 | (13) |
| Looking On to the Reformation |
| | 86 | (2) |
| Volition and Inadequacy as a Topic in Late Medieval Pastoral Care of Pcnitents |
| | 88 | (40) |
| The Harrowing Question at the End of the Middle Ages |
| | 88 | (3) |
| The Typical Solution provided by Johannes von Paltz (†1511): Where there is Inadequacy, a Good Will Suffices |
| | 91 | (4) |
| The Further Lowering of the Minimal Requirement: If there is no Good Will, then Desiring to Desire is Enough |
| | 95 | (5) |
| Exoneration - a Trend of the Late Middle Ages |
| | 100 | (5) |
| Four Lines of the Theological Tradition of Comforting Exoneration for the Weak and Troubled |
| | 105 | (9) |
| A Vigorous Theology of Mercy, circa 1500: Johannes von Staupitz in comparison with the Late Franciscan Tradition |
| | 114 | (6) |
| The Insufficiency of Human Satisfaction and the Infinite Value of the Satisfaction of Jesus Christ |
| | 120 | (5) |
| The Reformation in the Context of the Late Middle Ages |
| | 125 | (3) |
| From the Medieval ``Love of God'' to the ``Faith'' of Luther - A Contribution to the History of Penitence |
| | 128 | (25) |
| The Twelfth-Century Turn to the Inner Feeling of the Love of God |
| | 128 | (8) |
| The Late-Medieval Transformation in the Understanding of Love, Penance and Contrition |
| | 136 | (6) |
| Johannes von Staupitz: the Significance of his Understanding of True Contrition for Luther |
| | 142 | (5) |
| Luther's New Understanding of Contrition: Faith is Love, but Love does not Justify |
| | 147 | (5) |
| | 152 | (1) |
| Why did ``Faith'' become for Luther the Central Concept of the Christian Life? |
| | 153 | (26) |
| The Question from the Medieval Perspective |
| | 153 | (1) |
| The Medieval Understanding of Faith: the Levels of Faith, Humility and Hope |
| | 154 | (9) |
| What Luther Means by Faith: the Question from the Perspective of the Judgement of God |
| | 163 | (4) |
| Luther's First Commentary on the Psalms: Faith as Humility and Hope |
| | 167 | (4) |
| | 171 | (6) |
| | 177 | (2) |
| What was the Reformation Doctrine of Justification? |
| | 179 | (38) |
| Criteria for Defining the Reformation Doctrine of Justification |
| | 181 | (3) |
| Medieval Catholic Doctrine |
| | 184 | (5) |
| The Reformation Doctrine of Justification |
| | 189 | (20) |
| The Unconditionally Given Acceptance of Mankind |
| | 189 | (4) |
| | 193 | (1) |
| Grace Preceding Perfect Righteousness |
| | 193 | (3) |
| | 196 | (1) |
| The Eschatological Final Validity of Justification |
| | 197 | (3) |
| The Certainty of Salvation |
| | 200 | (1) |
| Freedom and Absence of Freedom |
| | 201 | (1) |
| | 202 | (3) |
| The Bond Between Faith and the Biblical Word |
| | 205 | (2) |
| Breaking the Mold: the Contrast with Medieval Theology |
| | 207 | (1) |
| The Evangelical Understanding of the Person |
| | 208 | (1) |
| Luther's Lectures on the Epistle to the Romans as Evidence of the Reformation Doctrine of Justification |
| | 209 | (4) |
| Further Prospects: the Intensification and the Boundaries of the Reformation Doctrine of Justification |
| | 213 | (4) |
| Reformation ``from below'' and Reformation ``from above''. On the Problem of the Historical Classifications of the Reformation |
| | 217 | (37) |
| Widespread Conceptions of Types and Phases of the Reformation |
| | 217 | (7) |
| Factors ``from above'' in the Broad Reformation Movement before 1525 |
| | 224 | (16) |
| The `prae' of the Educated Upper Strata of Society |
| | 224 | (3) |
| The Reformation of the Middle |
| | 227 | (4) |
| The Authoritarian Orientation of the Reformers before 1525 |
| | 231 | (9) |
| Factors of the Early Reformation Movement within the Later Government of the Church by Sccular Authorities |
| | 240 | (10) |
| After-effects of the Reformation of the ``Common Man'' in the Authorities' Governance of the Church |
| | 240 | (5) |
| | 245 | (5) |
| | 250 | (4) |
| How Innovative was the Reformation? |
| | 254 | (19) |
| | 254 | (4) |
| Four Categories of Reforming Innovation |
| | 258 | (8) |
| The Double Integrative Model: Long-term Change Integrated in Transition and Transition Integrated in Long-Term Change |
| | 266 | (7) |
| The Place of the Reformation in the Second Christian Millennium |
| | 273 | (28) |
| The Effects of the Reformation and the Question of its Relevance |
| | 273 | (2) |
| The Reformation as a Breach in the System |
| | 275 | (1) |
| The Medieval Catholic Synthesis of Divine and Earthly |
| | 275 | (3) |
| The Reformation as Desacralization of the World and Humanity |
| | 278 | (2) |
| The New Understanding of Holiness |
| | 280 | (2) |
| The Reformation as a Break in the Religio-historical Logic of Gift and Return |
| | 282 | (3) |
| The Reformation as a Continuation of Medieval Trends |
| | 285 | (2) |
| Differing Kinds of Continuation of the Middle Ages: Qualitative Leap and Reinforcement or Acceleration |
| | 287 | (2) |
| The Reformation as a Driving Force of Modernization |
| | 289 | (2) |
| The Relationship of the Reformation to Emancipative Modernity |
| | 291 | (4) |
| The Relationship of the Reformation to Repressive Modernity |
| | 295 | (3) |
| Summary: The Reformation as Engine and Interruption of Modernity |
| | 298 | (1) |
| The Prospect: The Significance of the Reformation for the Future of Church and Society |
| | 299 | (2) |
| Index of Persons and Places | | 301 | (3) |
| Index of Subjects | | 304 | |
